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ZUGFeRD

Hybrid e-invoice format: a human-readable PDF with embedded XML.

Definition

Hybrid e-invoice format: a human-readable PDF with embedded XML.

Why this term matters

A ZUGFeRD file gives people a readable PDF and software structured invoice data. Use the profile that fits the transaction. Do not assume a public buyer accepts the PDF wrapper: many B2G channels ask for a separate XRechnung XML file.

Explanation

Often used for B2B workflows and archiving, while keeping structured data for software processing.

FeRD published ZUGFeRD 2.5.2 with Factur-X 1.09.2 on 4 August 2026. Check which version and profile the recipient accepts.

Common mistakes

  • Starting a new integration with an old package. The latest published FeRD package is ZUGFeRD 2.5.2 / Factur-X 1.09.2; the recipient may still require another supported version.
  • Reusing an AFRelationship value from another package or profile. There is no single value for every ZUGFeRD and Factur-X profile; follow the exact package rules.
  • Assuming one XML filename applies to every release. ZUGFeRD 2.1 and later packages use factur-x.xml; check the exact package rules for earlier releases.
  • Treating the MINIMUM or BASIC WL profile as EN 16931-conformant — only BASIC, EN 16931, and EXTENDED profiles satisfy the EN 16931 conformance claim.

Frequently asked questions

Can I send ZUGFeRD to a German public buyer?

Only when that buyer and channel accept the hybrid PDF. Many B2G workflows require a separate XRechnung XML file. Confirm the syntax, profile, and channel before sending.

What is the difference between ZUGFeRD and Factur-X?

They are coordinated German and French names for closely aligned hybrid CII/PDF packages. Match exact package versions and profiles; do not assume every ZUGFeRD and Factur-X release is interchangeable. The latest published pair is ZUGFeRD 2.5.2 / Factur-X 1.09.2.

Do I need PDF/A-3 specifically, or is PDF/A-2 enough?

Current ZUGFeRD and Factur-X packages require PDF/A-3. PDF/A-2 cannot embed their non-PDF XML payload. PDF/A-4f can permit arbitrary attachments in general, but it is not the container required by these package specifications.