# ZUGFeRD

Hybrid e-invoice format: a human-readable PDF with embedded XML.

## Definition

Hybrid e-invoice format: a human-readable PDF with embedded XML.

## Why this term matters

A ZUGFeRD file gives people a readable PDF and software structured invoice data. Use the profile that fits the transaction. Do not assume a public buyer accepts the PDF wrapper: many B2G channels ask for a separate XRechnung XML file.

## Explanation

Often used for B2B workflows and archiving, while keeping structured data for software processing.

FeRD published ZUGFeRD 2.5.2 with Factur-X 1.09.2 on 4 August 2026. Check which version and profile the recipient accepts.

## Common mistakes

- Starting a new integration with an old package. The latest published FeRD package is ZUGFeRD 2.5.2 / Factur-X 1.09.2; the recipient may still require another supported version.
- Reusing an AFRelationship value from another package or profile. There is no single value for every ZUGFeRD and Factur-X profile; follow the exact package rules.
- Assuming one XML filename applies to every release. ZUGFeRD 2.1 and later packages use factur-x.xml; check the exact package rules for earlier releases.
- Treating the MINIMUM or BASIC WL profile as EN 16931-conformant — only BASIC, EN 16931, and EXTENDED profiles satisfy the EN 16931 conformance claim.

## Frequently asked questions

### Can I send ZUGFeRD to a German public buyer?
Only when that buyer and channel accept the hybrid PDF. Many B2G workflows require a separate XRechnung XML file. Confirm the syntax, profile, and channel before sending.

### What is the difference between ZUGFeRD and Factur-X?
They are coordinated German and French names for closely aligned hybrid CII/PDF packages. Match exact package versions and profiles; do not assume every ZUGFeRD and Factur-X release is interchangeable. The latest published pair is ZUGFeRD 2.5.2 / Factur-X 1.09.2.

### Do I need PDF/A-3 specifically, or is PDF/A-2 enough?
Current ZUGFeRD and Factur-X packages require PDF/A-3. PDF/A-2 cannot embed their non-PDF XML payload. PDF/A-4f can permit arbitrary attachments in general, but it is not the container required by these package specifications.

## Related resources

- [ZUGFeRD guide](/resources/compliance/zugferd-format)
- [ZUGFeRD profiles](/resources/zugferd/profiles)
- [FeRD package and specification](https://www.ferd-net.de/publikationen-produkte/publikationen/detailseite/zugferd-25-english)

## Related terms

- [Factur-X](/resources/glossary/factur-x): French hybrid e-invoice format, aligned with ZUGFeRD and EN 16931 profiles.
- [CII](/resources/glossary/cii): UN/CEFACT Cross Industry Invoice: an XML syntax used for e-invoices.
- [EN 16931](/resources/glossary/en-16931): European standard defining the semantic data model for e-invoices.
- [PDF/A-3](/resources/glossary/pdf-a-3): PDF archival standard allowing embedded files (used for ZUGFeRD/Factur-X).